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      2022-07-16     856
  • 专题十二：短语动词和句型的考点集汇，讲解和训练

    1. 短语动词的分类
    (1)动词＋介词
    常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：
    Don’t laugh at others.
    Tom asked his parents for a bike.
    (2)动词＋副词
    常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：
    You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.
    Please don’t forget to hand it in.
    (3)动词＋副词＋介词
    常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
    Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes.
    After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
    (4)动词＋名词＋介词
    常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
    You should pay attention to your handwriting.
    We should make full use of our time.
    (5)动词＋形容词
    常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：
    The prisoners were set free.
    He cut it open.
    (6)动词＋名词
    常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：
    This story took place three years ago.
    I make friends with a lot of people.
    2. 短语动词的辨析
    (1)be made in（在……生产或制造），be made of(由……组成或构成)
    (2)come down(下来;落)，come along(来；随同)，come to oneself(苏醒)，come
         true(实现)，come out(花开；发芽；出现；出来)，come over（过来；顺便来访），come in(进来)，come on(来吧；跟着来；赶快), come up with(找到；提出)
    (3)do one’s best(尽最大努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s
         homework(做作业)，do some reading(阅读)
    (4)fall asleep(入睡)，fall behind(落在…..后面)，fall off(从……掉下)，fall
     down(到下；跌倒)
    (5)get down(下来；落下)，get on(上车)，get to(到达)，get up(起床)，get back(回
    来；取回)，get off(下来)，get on well with(与……相处融洽)，get married(结婚)，get together(相聚)
    (6)give up(放弃)，give…a hand(给与……帮助)，give a concert(开音乐会)
    (7)go back(回去)，go on(继续)，go home(回家)，go to bed(睡觉)，go over(过
    一遍；仔细检查)，go out(外出；到外面)，go wrong(走错路)，go on doing(继续做某事)，go shopping(买东西)，go boating(去划船), go fishing(去钓鱼)，go hiking(去徒步旅行)，go skating(去滑冰)，go straight along(沿着……一直往前走)
    (8)have a look(看一看), have a seat（坐下）, have supper（吃晚餐）, have a rest
    （休息）, have sports（进行体育活动）, have a cold（感冒）, have a cough（咳嗽）, have a good time（过得愉快）, have a headache（头痛），have a        
    try(尝试；努力)
    (9)look for(寻找)，look out(留神; 注意)，look over(仔细检查)，look up(向上
    看；抬头看)，look after(照顾; 照看)，look at(看； 观看)，look like(看起来像)，look the same(看起来像)，
    (10)make friends(交朋友)，make phone calls(打电话)，make money(赚钱)，
    make the bed(整理床铺)，make a noise(吵闹)，make a face(做鬼脸)，make one’s way to(往……走去)，make room for(给……腾出地方)，make a decision(做出决定)，make a mistake(犯错误)，make up one’s mind(下决心)
    (11)put on(上演；穿上；戴上)，put up(挂起；举起)，put down(把某物放
    来)，put away(把某物收起来), put off(推迟)
    (12)take off(脱掉衣服)，take photos(照相)，take time(花费时间)，take out(
    出)，take a seat(坐下)，take an active part in(积极参加)，take care of(照顾；照料；注意)，take exercise(做运动)，take one’s place(坐某人的位置；代替某人的职务)，take turn(轮流)
    (13)talk about(谈话；交谈)，talk with(和……交谈)
    (14)turn on(打开电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn off(关上电灯，收机，
    煤气，自来水等)，turn down(关小；调低)，turn…over(把…..翻过来)
    (15)think of(认为；想起)，think about(考虑)
    3.句子的基本句型结构
    根据句子所用动词的不同，句子可归纳为五个基本句型。   
    (1)主语+连系动词+表语。例如：
    My mother is a doctor.
    Her voice sounds nice.
    (2)主语+不及物动词。例如：
    He runs fast.
    We study hard.
    (3)主语+及物动词+宾语。例如：
    Children often sing this song.
    He studies English.
    1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如：
    She enjoys reading novels and swimming.
    I finished reading the book last night.
    2)常用不定式，而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有：wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如：
    Where do wish to sit?
    Tom agreed to lend some money.
    3)有些及物动词既可用不定式，由可用-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。这类动词常见的有：remember, forget等。例如：
    Please remember to post the letter for me.
    请记住替我发了这封信。
    I remember posting the letter.
    我记得那封信寄过了。
           Stop的用法同上面的词相仿，不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语，而是作状语。试比较下列句子：
    He stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。
    He stopped smoking. 他停止吸烟了。
    4)有些及物动词的宾语，既可用不定式，又可用-ing形式，意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如：
    I like to swim in summer.
    I like swimming in summer.
    (4)主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语。例如：
    My father bought me a new bike.
    He gave me an apple.
    1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语，
    指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果要
    把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需加介词。例如：
    Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.
    Show me your new book, please. =Please show your new book to me.
        2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾前有时加介词to, 有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在动词buy, make, get等之后加for。例如：
    Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please?
    Tom’s mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =Tom’s mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.
    (5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如：
    We keep our classroom clean and tidy.
    I hear someone singing in the next room.
    1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语，一个是宾语，一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
    We call him Jack.
    Don’t get your hands dirty.
        2)在及物动词之后，用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示
    的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程；用-ing形式作
    宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如：
    I heard him sing that song. (我听他唱过那首歌。)
    When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.
    (我回来时，听见他正在房间里唱歌。)
    3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役动词let, make, have等的复合宾语种，不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时，省去的to要加上。例如：
    I saw him go into the room.
    He was seen to go into the room.
    【演练】
    1. Would you please drive faster ? My flight is _________.
      A. taking off B. getting off C. turning off D. putting off
    2. On October 15, 2003 China _______ its first man-made spaceship, which made Yang Liwei a hero to many kids.
      A. set out B. Set off C. sent up D. sent out
    3. ---How is the play going ?
      ---We are going to _______ the day after tomorrow.
      A. put on it B. put it off C. put it on D. put it off
    4. Mr. Green is busy _______ the newspaper while his wife is busy ______ the housework.
      A. reading ; with B. to read ; with C. to read ; doing D. with ; to do
    5. We have to _______ our things if we travel on a train or a bus.
      A. look at B. look up C. look like D. look after
    6. ---If you ______ a new idea, please call me as soon as possible.
      --- Sure, I will.
      A. keep up with B. catch up with C. feed up with D. come up with
    7. ---Zhou Jielun is so cool. I’m his fan.
      ---____________.
      A. So do I B. So I do C. So am I D. So I am
    8. ---Your new sweater looks beautiful. Is it _______ pure wool ?
      ---Yes, and it’s _______ Inner Mongolia.
      A. made by ; made for B. made of ; made by
      C. made of ; made in D. Made by ; made from
    9. Please _______ the box carefully. It is filled with glasses
      A. put down B. put on C. put off D. put together
    10. ---________ ! There’s a car coming !
       ---Oh. Thanks.
      A. Look over B. Look up C. Look on D. Look out
    11. ---Look! The bus is coming.
       ---But it’s full of people. We can’t ______ .
    A. get off B. get down C. get on with D. get on
    12. ---Excuse me. Where’s the Science Museum?
       ---Take No.3 bus and ______ at the fourth stop.
    A. get on B. get off C. get up D. get to
    13. It’s very cold today. You’d better put _____ your coat when you go out.
    A. away B. down C. on D. up
    14. Miss Li told the children to walk one after another. She didn’t want them to ______ in the park
    A. get wrong B. get away C. get lost D. get ready
    15. The flowers start to _____ in spring.
    A. come in B. come out C. come from D. come to
    16. Lucy, could you please help me _____ the map on the blackboard?
    A. put into B. put up C. put out D. put on
    17. “Get a ladder, please. I can’t _____ .” Jim said in a tall tree.
    A. come back B. come out C. come down D. come over
    18. I have ____ my parents, and now I’m answering it.
    A. heard of B. heard from C. heard D. heard about
    19. I can’t see the words clearly. Can I _____ the light?
    A. turn on B. put off C. hold on D. take off
    20. As soon as the man walked into the warm room, he _____ his heavy coat and sat down.
    A. took away B. took down C. took off D. took up
    【练习答案】
    1.A 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.D1 2.B 13.C14.C 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.A 20.C





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